托福語(yǔ)法之獨(dú)立主格 　　獨(dú)立主格可以算是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞狀語(yǔ)從句知識(shí)點(diǎn)的延伸，所以如果還沒掌握非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞及狀語(yǔ)從句的省略的，請(qǐng)慎入，哈哈。 　　定義：非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)須與主句主語(yǔ)保持一致。若不一致，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式須另帶主語(yǔ)，從而構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的形式作狀語(yǔ)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。其中，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞主動(dòng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，被動(dòng)用過去分詞。 　　獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于描繪性文字中，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，常用來表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨情況等，如： 　　表示時(shí)間： 　　The meeting over, all of us went home. 　　Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 　　表示條件： 　　The condition favorable, he may succeed. 　　表示原因： 　　He wrapped her up with great care, the night dark and frosty. 　　In the middle of February, the weather favorable for work, the workers began to repair and secure the dam of the river. 　　表示伴隨情況： 　　Almost all metals are good conductors, silver the best of all. 　　所以其形式為： 　　1. 名詞/主格代詞 分詞： 　　名詞/主格代詞 現(xiàn)在分詞（表示主動(dòng)和正在進(jìn)行）， 　　如： 　　The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say. 　　Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing. 　　名詞/主格代詞 過去分詞（表示被動(dòng)和已完成）， 　　如： 　　The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 　　Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard. 　　2. 名詞/主格代詞 不定式：（表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，主動(dòng)關(guān)系） 　　如： 　　He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 　　They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 　　3. 名詞/主格代詞 介詞短語(yǔ) 　　如： 　　The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 　　Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 　　4. 名詞/主格代詞 形容詞 　　如： 　　An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 　　So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 　　5. 名詞/主格代詞 副詞 　　如： 　　He put on his sweater, wrong side out. 　　6. 名詞/主格代詞 名詞 　　如： 　　His first shot failure，he fired again． 　　Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 　　7. with引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格 　　與主句邏輯關(guān)系緊密，形式為with/without 賓語(yǔ)（名詞/代詞） 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(分詞/不定式/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語(yǔ))，賓語(yǔ)通常由名詞或代詞充當(dāng)，但代詞一定要用賓格。上文的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況都適用于此結(jié)構(gòu)， 　　如： 　　The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.（分詞） 　　Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room. （分詞） 　　The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit. （不定式） 　　With his son so handsome, the old man felt satisfied.（形容詞） 　　The boy was walking, with his father ahead.（副詞） 　　He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand.（介詞短語(yǔ)）

　　8. each引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)型獨(dú)立主格，形式為:句子 復(fù)數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾 each 介詞短語(yǔ)/形容詞短語(yǔ)/名詞短語(yǔ)/分詞 如: 　　The huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups, each with its own executive. 　　注意： 　　1. 獨(dú)立主格轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語(yǔ)從句，當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不是指同一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí)，可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語(yǔ)從句，但不再保留連詞， 　　如： 　　After class was over (= Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom. 　　2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形： 　　(1) 獨(dú)立主格的邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)， 　　如： 　　It being Sunday, we went to church. 　　(2)在There being 名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中， 　　如： 　　There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 　　3. 在“名詞/主格代詞 介詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞，體會(huì)與with引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格的區(qū)別， 　　如： 　　Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 　　Miss Smith entered the classroom with a book in her hand. 　　在with/without結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with能省略，但without不能省略。 　　4. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)為名詞時(shí)，沒有所有格形式， 　　如： 　　The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.